OR Redistricting Resources
Miscellaneous
- Districtr
- Dave’s Redistricting
- Gridlandia
- Hamidreza Validi’s puzzles
- Can my state redistrict at the county level?
- How close were recent US presidential elections?
- US Congressional Apportionment as an Optimization Problem (MINLP)
- YouTube video of all 365 county-level districting plans for New Mexico
- Gerrymandering Metrics: How to Measure? What’s the Baseline?
- A Formula Goes to Court: Partisan Gerrymandering and the Efficiency Gap
- NCSL Redistricting Criteria
- NCSL 2010 Deviation Table
- NCSL 2020 Deviation Table
- NCSL Redistricting Cases
- Ballotpedia: Redistricting
Reviews, Surveys, Books
- Political districting: from classical models to recent approaches
- Redistricting Algorithms (from Political Geometry)
- The Realist’s Guide to Redistricting
- Political Districting Problem: Literature Review and Discussion with regard to Federal Elections in Germany
- Political Districting, for the Encyclopedia of Optimization
Papers
- Recombination: A family of Markov chains for redistricting
- Locating the Representational Baseline: Republicans in Massachusetts <- Is Massachusetts gerrymandered?
- Geometry of Graph Partitions via Optimal Transport <- How similar are two redistricting plans?
- Measuring the compactness of legislative districts <- Flaws of various compactness measures
- The gerrymandering jumble: map projections permute districts’ compactness scores
- Is automation the answer: the computational complexity of automated redistricting
- The Promise and Perils of Computers in Redistricting
- From Crayons to Computers: The Evolution of Computer Use in Redistricting
- Traditional Districting Principles: Judicial Myths vs. Reality
- Redistricting by Formula: An Ohio Reform Experiment
Papers from the OR/MS literature
- 1965: Nonpartisan political redistricting by computer
- 1970: Optimal political districting by implicit enumeration techniques
- 1998: An optimization based heuristic for political districting
- 2012: Geo-graphs: an efficient model for enforcing contiguity and hole constraints in planar graph partitioning
- 2013: The Philadelphia districting contest: Designing territories for city council based upon the 2010 census
- 2014: Upper and lower bounds for the sales force deployment problem with explicit contiguity constraints
- 2015: Gerrymandering for justice: redistricting US liver allocation
- 2015: Efficient geo-graph contiguity and hole algorithms for geographic zoning and dynamic plane graph partitioning
- 2018: The geo-graph in practice: creating United States Congressional Districts from census blocks
- 2019: Multi-Objective Optimization for Political Districting: A Scalable Multilevel Approach
- 2020: Imposing contiguity constraints in political districting models
- 2021: Fairmandering: A column generation heuristic for fairness-optimized political districting
- 2022: Political districting to minimize cut edges
- 2023: Political districting to minimize county splits
- 2023: Political districting to optimize the Polsby-Popper compactness score
FiveThirtyEight
Talks and Slides
- Moon Duchin (2018 JMM) (2018 Harvard) (2017 Duke slides)
- Sidney W. Hess (2015)
- Austin Buchanan (2020 DOT) (slides)
Teaching
- Computational Approaches for Political Redistricting
- Geometry of Redistricting Materials for Educators
- MGGG Teaching Day 2019
- VRDI 2019 Teaching Materials (Outlier Analysis Article)
- Teach Gerry (Materials)
Code
- GerryChain
- Imposing contiguity constraints in political districting models
- Brian Olson’s page
- Districting Examples from Austin Buchanan (Python, Gurobi, NetworkX, GeoPandas, etc)
- Political districting to minimize cut edges
- Python codes for 2010 and 2020 Reapportionment
Data
- 2010 Census
- 2020 Census
- MGGG states
- Daryl DeFord’s 2010 graphs
- Eugene Lykhovyd’s 2010 data
- Eugene Lykhovyd’s 2020 data
- FiveThirtyEight’s Redistricting Atlas
- Austin Buchanan’s 2010 county data (simplified from Lykhovyd’s data)
- Redistricting Data Hub
- United States Congressional District Shapefiles (1789-2012)
- Election data for VTDs (CSV files used by DRA)
- Precinct/VTD-level graphs from DRA
Links to Links
- VRDI 2018 (slides) (papers and links)
- VRDI 2019 (slides) (papers and links)
- NCSL Redistricting Resources
Redistricting Research Groups